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Friday, May 21st, 2010
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Dow Jones Industrial Average

Dow Jones Industrial Average

Dow Jones Industrial Average

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A recent graph that illustrates a trading range from the mid-7,000 level to the 14,000 level aside from a low in the mid-6000 level in early 2009. Basically, the average traded at or near the 10,000 range for most of the decade.

Recent logarithmic graph of the DJIA from Jan 2000 through Oct 2009.

A historical graph. From a starting point of under 50 in the late 1890s to a high reached above 14,000 in the late 2000s, the Dow rises periodically through the decades with corrections along the way eventually settling in the mid-10,000 range within the last 10 years.

Historical logarithmic graph of the DJIA from the 1890s to the 2010s.

The Dow Jones Industrial Average, also referred to as the Industrial Average, the Dow Jones, the Dow 30, or simply the Dow, is one of several stock market indices created by Wall Street Journal editor and Dow Jones & Company co-founder Charles Dow. The average is named after Dow and one of his business associates, statistician Edward Jones. It is an index that shows how 30 large, publicly owned companies based in the United States have traded during a standard trading session in the stock market.[1] It is the second oldest U.S. market index after the Dow Jones Transportation Average, which Dow also created.

The Industrial portion of the name is largely historical, as many of the modern 30 components have little or nothing to do with traditional heavy industry. The average is price-weighted, and to compensate for the effects of stock splits and other adjustments, it is currently a scaled average. The value of the Dow is not the actual average of the prices of its component stocks, but rather the sum of the component prices divided by a divisor, which changes whenever one of the component stocks has a stock split or stock dividend, so as to generate a consistent value for the index.

Along with the NASDAQ Composite, the S&P 500 Index, and the Russell 2000 Index, the Dow is among the most closely-watched benchmark indices tracking targeted stock market activity. Although Dow compiled the index to gauge the performance of the industrial sector within the American economy, the index’s performance continues to be influenced by not only corporate and economic reports, but also by domestic and foreign political events such as war and terrorism, as well as by natural disasters that could potentially lead to economic harm. Components of the Dow trade on both the NASDAQ OMX and the NYSE Euronext, two of the largest stock market companies. Derivatives of the Dow trade on the Chicago Board Options Exchange and through CME Group, the world’s largest futures exchange company. Currently, the CME Group has signed a deal with Dow Jones to acquire 90% of the latter firm’s indexing business, including the Dow Jones Industrial Average.

Components

The Dow Jones Industrial Average consists of the following 30 companies:

3M
Alcoa
American Express
AT&T
Bank of America
Boeing
Caterpillar CAT
Chevron Corporation
Cisco Systems
Coca-Cola
DuPont
ExxonMobil
General Electric
Hewlett-Packard
The Home Depot
Intel
IBM
Johnson & Johnson
JPMorgan Chase
Kraft Foods
McDonald’s
Merck
Microsoft
Pfizer
Procter & Gamble
Travelers
United Technologies Corporation
Verizon Communications
Wal-Mart
Walt Disney

Former components

The individual components of the DJIA are occasionally changed as market conditions warrant. When companies are replaced, the scale factor used to calculate the index is also adjusted so that the value of the average is not directly affected by the change. A summary of the more recent changes to the index include the following:

* On June 8, 2009, General Motors and Citigroup were replaced by The Travelers Companies and Cisco Systems, which became the third company traded on the NASDAQ to be part of the Dow.
* On September 22, 2008, Kraft Foods replaced AIG in the index.
* On February 19, 2008, Altria Group and Honeywell were replaced by Chevron and Bank of America. Previously a Dow component since 1985, Chevron’s share price split-adjusted, had gained about 235% during the time it was no longer a component between 2003 and 2008; as the high price of petroleum helped to propel oil contracts towards the $150 per-barrel mark. Alternatively, the components that replaced it during that same time frame had each lost up to 30% of their values. It is conceivable that had Chevron been a component in the index during this 5-year period, the Dow may well have surpassed the 15,000 point level.

History

The Dow Jones Industrial Average was founded by Charles Dow on May 26, 1896, and represented the dollar average of 12 stocks from leading American industries. Previously in 1884, Mr. Dow had composed an initial stock average called the Dow Jones Averages, which contained nine railroads and two industrial companies that appeared in the Customer’s Afternoon Letter, a daily two-page financial news bulletin which was the precursor to The Wall Street Journal. Of the original 12 stocks forming the Dow Jones Industrial Average compiled later in 1896, no longer railroad stocks, but purely industrial stocks, only General Electric is currently part of that index. The other 11 were:

* American Cotton Oil Company, a predecessor company to Bestfoods, now part of Unilever.
* American Sugar Company, became Domino Sugar in 1900, now Domino Foods, Inc.
* American Tobacco Company, broken up in a 1911 antitrust action.
* Chicago Gas Company, bought by Peoples Gas Light in 1897, now an operating subsidiary of Integrys Energy Group.
* Distilling & Cattle Feeding Company, now Millennium Chemicals, formerly a division of LyondellBasell, the latter of which is now in Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
* Laclede Gas Company, still in operation as the Laclede Group, Inc., removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1899.
* National Lead Company, now NL Industries, removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1916.
* North American Company, an electric utility holding company, broken up by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in 1946.
* Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company in Birmingham, Alabama, bought by U.S. Steel in 1907.
* U.S. Leather Company, dissolved in 1952.
* United States Rubber Company, changed its name to Uniroyal in 1961, merged with private B.F. Goodrich in 1986, bought by Michelin in 1990.
* When it was first published in the late 1890s, the index stood at a level of 40.94, but ended up hitting its all-time low of 28.48 during the summer of 1896 during the depths of what later became known as the Panic of 1896. Many of the biggest percentage price moves in the Dow occurred early in its history, as the nascent industrial economy matured. A brief war in 1898 between the U.S. and the Spanish Empire might have only had a minor impact in the Dow’s direction.

* The decade of the 1900s would see the Dow halt its momentum as it worked its way through a pair of cataclysmic financial crisis’; the Panic of 1901 and the Panic of 1907. The Dow would be stuck in a trading range of between the 50 and 100 point levels till late 1909. The negativity surrounding the 1906 San Francisco earthquake did little to improve the economic climate. International disturbances such as the Russo-Japanese War were few and far between and seemed to have little if any influence on the Dow. The average would end off the decade near the vicinity of the 100 point level.

* At the start of the 1910s, the decade would begin with the Panic of 1910–1911 stifling economic growth for a lengthy period of time. History would later take its course on July 30, 1914; as the average stood at a level of 71.42 when a decision was made to close down the New York Stock Exchange, and suspend trading for a span of 4 1/2 months. Some historians believe the exchange closed because of a concern that markets would plunge as a result of panic over the onset of World War I. An alternative explanation is that the Secretary of the Treasury, William Gibbs McAdoo, closed the exchange because he wanted to conserve the U.S. gold stock in order to launch the Federal Reserve System later that year, with enough gold to keep the U.S. at par with the gold standard. When the markets reopened on December 12, 1914, the index closed at 54, a drop of 24.39%.[9] Also in trying to explain the huge percentage drop, there was a new recalculation performed on the index in September 1916. Additions to the index raised the number of companies to 20, resulting in a mathematical inconsistency to the average from previous years in the past including 1914.[10] Following World War I, the U.S. would experience another downturn in economic activity in what became known as the Post-World War I recession. The Dow’s performance would remain virtually unchanged from the closing value of the previous decade, adding only around 5%, from about the 100 level to 105.

* During the 1920s, specifically in 1928, the components of the Dow were increased to 30 stocks near the economic height of that decade, which was phrased as the Roaring Twenties. The prosperous nature of the economic climate, muted the negative influence of an early 1920s recession plus certain international conflicts such as the Polish-Soviet war, the Irish Civil War, the Turkish War of Independence and the initial phase of the Chinese Civil War. The Crash of 1929 and the ensuing Great Depression returned the average to its starting point, almost 90% below its peak. By July 8, 1932, following its intra-day low of 40.56, the Dow would end up closing the session at 41.22. The high of 381.17 on September 3, 1929, would not be surpassed until 1954, in inflation-adjusted numbers. However, the bottom of the 1929 Crash came just 2 1/2 months later on November 13, 1929, when intra-day it was at the 195.35 level, closing slightly higher at 198.69.[11] For the decade, the Dow would end off with a healthy 173% gain from around the 105 level to a level of 286.

* Marked by global instability, the 1930s contended with several consequential European and Asian outbreaks of war, leading up to catastrophic World War II; including the Spanish Civil War, the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, the Soviet-Japanese Border War and the Second Sino-Japanese War. On top of that, the U.S. dealt with a painful recession in 1937 and 1938. The largest one-day percentage gain in the index, 15.34%, happened on March 15, 1933, in the depths of the 1930s bear market. However, as a whole, the Dow posted some of its worst performance for a negative return. For the decade, the average was down from around the 286 level to 148, a loss of about 48%.

* Post-war reconstruction during the 1940s, along with renewed optimism of peace and prosperity, brought about a 39% surge in the Dow from around the 148 level to 206. The strength in the Dow occurred despite a brief recession in 1949 and other global conflicts which started a short time later including the latter stages of the Chinese Civil War, the Greek Civil War, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 and the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.

* During the 1950s, the Korean War, the Algerian War, the Cold War and other political tensions such as the Cuban Revolution, as well as widespread political and economic changes in Africa during the initial stages of European Decolonization, did not stop the Dow’s bullish climb higher. Additionally, the U.S. would also make its way through two grinding recessions; one in 1953 and the other in 1958. A 200% increase in the average from a level of 206 to 616 ensued over the course of that decade.

* The Dow’s bullish behavior began to stall during the 1960s as the U.S. became entangled with foreign political issues such as the Bay of Pigs Invasion involving Cuba, the Vietnam War, the Portuguese Colonial War, the Colombian Civil War which the U.S. assisted with short-lived counter-guerrilla campaigns, and domestic issues such as the Civil Rights Movement. For the decade though, and despite a mild recession between 1960 and 1961, the average still managed a respectable 30% gain from the 616 level to 800.

* The 1970s marked a time of economic uncertainty and troubled relations between the U.S. and certain Middle-Eastern countries.
To begin with, the decade started off with the ongoing Recession of 1969–70. Following that, the 1973–75 recession, the 1973 Oil Crisis as well as the 1979 energy crisis began as a prelude to a disastrous economic climate injected with stagflation; the combination between high unemployment and high inflation.
However, on November 14, 1972, the average closed above the 1,000 mark (1,003.16) for the first time, during a brief relief rally in the midst of a lengthy bear market.
Between January 1973 and December 1974, the average lost 48% of its value in what became known as the 1973–1974 Stock Market Crash. The situation was exacerbated following the events surrounding the Yom Kippur War and the series of 1970s Energy Crisis’ which followed it soon after.
Although the Vietnam War ended in 1975, new tensions arose towards Iran surrounding the Iranian Revolution in 1979.

Other notable disturbances such as the Lebanese Civil War, the Ethiopian Civil War, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and the Angolan Civil War which the U.S. and Soviet Union considered critical to the global balance of power, seemed to have had little influence towards the financial markets. Performance wise for the decade; gains remained virtually flat, rising less than 5% from about the 800 level to 838.

* The 1980s and especially the 1990s saw a very rapid increase in the average, though severe corrections did occur along the way.

The largest one-day percentage drop occurred on Black Monday; October 19, 1987, when the average fell 22.61%. There were no clear reasons given to explain the crash, but program trading appeared to be a major contributing factor.

On October 13, 1989, the Dow stumbled into another downfall, the 1989 Mini-Crash which initiated the collapse of the junk bond market as the Dow registered a loss of almost 7%.

However, for the rest of the 1980s as a whole, and despite the Early 1980s recession, the Dow made a profound 228% increase from the 838 level to 2,753; despite the market crashes and other political distractions such as the Soviet War in Afghanistan, the Falklands War, the Iran-Iraq War, the Second Sudanese Civil War and the First Intifada in the Middle East.

* The 1990s brought on rapid advances in technology along with the introduction of the dot-com era.

To start off, the markets contended with the 1990 oil price shock compounded with the effects of the Early 1990s recession.
Certain influential foreign conflicts such as the 1991 Soviet coup d’état attempt which took place as part of the initial stages of the Dissolution of the USSR and the Fall of Communism; the First and Second Chechen Wars, the Persian Gulf War and the Yugoslav Wars failed to dampen economic enthusiasm surrounding the ongoing Information Age and the “Irrational Exuberance” (a phrase coined by Alan Greenspan) of the Internet Boom. Even the occurrences of the Rwandan Genocide and the Second Congo War, termed as “Africa’s World War” that involved 8 separate African nations which together between the two killed over 5 million people; didn’t seem to have any noticeable negative financial impact on the Dow either.

Between late 1992 and early 1993, the Dow staggered through the 3,000 level making only modest gains as the Biotechnology sector suffered through the downfall of the Biotech Bubble; as many biotech companies saw their share prices rapidly rise to record levels and then subsequently fall to new all-time lows.

The Dow Jones Wilshire 5000 approximates the shape of the rise in the DJIA during the 1990s acceleration. From a trading low of under 4,000 in 1990 to above the 12,000 mark in the year 2000 with intermittent slides throughout the decade.

On November 21, 1995, the DJIA closed above the 5,000 level (5,023.55) for the first time.

Over the following two years, the Dow would rapidly tower above the 6,000 level during the month of October in 1996, and the 7,000 level in February 1997.

On its march higher into record territory, the Dow easily made its way through the 8,000 level in July 1997. However, later in that year during October, the events surrounding the Asian Financial Crisis plunged the Dow into a 554 point loss to a close of 7,161.15; a retrenchment of 7.18% in what became known as the 1997 Mini-Crash.

The Dow would go on to surpass the 9,000 level during the month of April in 1998, making its sentimental push towards the symbolic 10,000 level.

On March 29, 1999, the average closed above the 10,000 mark (10,006.78) after flirting with it for two weeks. This prompted a celebration on the trading floor, complete with party hats. The scene at the exchange made front page headlines on many U.S. newspapers such as The New York Times.

On May 3, 1999, the Dow achieved its first close above the 11,000 mark (11,014.70). Total gains for the decade exceeded 315%; from the 2,753 level to 11,497.

The Dow averaged a 5.3% return compounded annually for the 20th century, a record Warren Buffett called “a wonderful century”; when he calculated that to achieve that return again, the index would need to close at about 2,000,000 by December of 2099.

Even during the height of the dot-com era, authors James K. Glassman and Kevin A. Hassett went so far as to publish a book entitled Dow 36,000. Their theory was to imply that stocks were still cheap and it was not too late to benefit from rising prices during the Internet boom.

* Characterized by fear on the part of newer investors, the uncertainty of the 2000s brought on a significant bear market. There was indecision on whether the cyclical bull market represented a prolonged temporary bounce or a new long-term trend. Ultimately, there was widespread resignation and disappointment as the lows were revisited, and in some cases, surpassed near the end of the decade.

The third largest one-day point drop in DJIA history, and largest at the time, occurred on September 17, 2001, the first day of trading after the September 11, 2001 attacks, when the Dow fell 684.81 points, or 7.1%. It should be noted that the Dow had been in a downward trend for virtually all of 2001 prior to Sept 11, losing well over 1000 points between Jan 2 and Sept. 10, and had lost 187.51 points on Sept. 6, followed by losing 235.4 points on Sept. 7.] By the end of that week, the Dow had fallen 1,369.70 points, or 14.3%. However, the Dow began an upward trend shortly after the attacks and quickly regained all lost ground to close above the 10,000 level for the year.

The Dow fell 14.3% from the mid-9,000 level to the low 8,000 level after the September 11, 2001 attacks. Exchanges were closed between September 10 and September 17.

During 2003, the average remained subdued within the 7,000 to 9,000 point level range by the Early 2000s Recession, the Afghan War and the Iraq War. But by December of that year, the Dow remarkably returned to the 10,000 mark.

In October of 2006, four years after its bear market low, the DJIA set fresh record theoretical, intra-day, daily close, weekly, and monthly highs for the first time in almost seven years, closing above the 12,000 level for the first time on the 19th anniversary of Black Monday (1987).

On February 27, 2007, the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 3.3% (415.30 points), its biggest point drop since 2001. The initial drop was caused by a global sell-off after Chinese Stocks experienced a mini-crash, yet by April 25, the Dow passed the 13,000 level in trading and closed above that milestone for the first time.

On July 19, 2007, the average passed the 14,000 level, completing the fastest 1,000-point advance for the index since 1999. One week later, a 450 point intra-day loss, owing to turbulence in the U.S. sub-prime mortgage market and the soaring value of the yuan,[14][15] initiated another correction falling below the 13,000 mark, about 10% from its highs.

On October 9, 2007, the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at the record level of 14,164.53. Two days later on October 11, the Dow would trade at its highest intra-day level ever, at the 14,198.10 mark. In what would normally take many years to accomplish; numerous reasons were cited for the Dow’s extremely rapid rise from the 11,000 level in early 2006, to the 14,000 level in late 2007. They included future possible takeovers and mergers, healthy earnings reports particularly in the tech sector, and moderate inflationary numbers; fueling speculation the Federal Reserve would not raise interest rates. Roughly on par with the 2000 record when adjusted for inflation, this represented the final high of the cyclical bull.

On September 15, 2008, a wider financial crisis became evident when Lehman Brothers filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy along with the economic effect of record high oil prices which reached almost $150 per barrel two months earlier. The DJIA lost more than 500 points for only the sixth time in history, returning to its mid-July lows below the 11,000 level. A series of “bailout” packages, including the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, proposed and implemented by the Federal Reserve and U.S. Treasury, as well as FDIC-sponsored bank mergers, did not prevent further losses. After two months of extreme volatility during which the Dow experienced its largest one day point loss, largest daily point gain, and largest intra-day range (more than 1,000 points), the index closed at a new six-year low of 7,552.29 on November 20. The market proceeded with a modest rise to close the year near the 9,000 level, still its worst annual performance since the early 1930s.

Due to further deterioration in the banking sector, grim economic news, and market doubts as to the effectiveness of further government intervention, the bear market entered another acute phase, as the DJIA reached a closing low of 6,547.05 on March 9, 2009 (after an intra-day low of 6,469.95 during the March 6 session), its lowest close since April 1997, and had lost 20% of its value in only six weeks. Towards the latter half of 2009, the average rallied towards the 10,000 level amid optimism that the Late-2000s Recession, the United States Housing Bubble and the Global Financial Crisis of 2008-2009, were easing and possibly coming to an end. For the decade, the Dow saw a rather substantial pullback for a negative return from the 11,497 level to 10,428, a loss of a little over 9%.

* The decade of the 2010s would see a continuation of certain global conflicts such as the War in Afghanistan, the Iraq War, the War in North-West Pakistan, the War in Darfur as well as the Mexican Drug War which at times influences American politics regarding illegal immigration.

Over the course of February and March 2010, the Dow made a fairly notable rally attempt in the face of growing global concerns such as the 2010 European sovereign debt crisis. Although for the most part just a political event, the Dow closed at the 10,785.89 level on March 22, 2010 following the passage of the landmark Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in Washington. The Dow continued to surge higher, and on April 26, 2010, the Dow closed at 11,205.03, its highest close since September 2008.

On May 6, 2010, just after 2:30 pm EST, the Dow Jones Industrial Average plunged by 998.50 points, an intra-day loss of 9.2%. The event later became known as the 2010 Flash Crash or the “Flash Crash”.[18] Although there was an immediate recovery, it was the biggest intra-day fall ever. This would have put the trading day as the fifth-worst market sell-off on a percentage basis as well. The Dow bottomed out at 9,869, and then recovered quickly, eventually ending at 10,520.32, a loss of 347.80 points or 3.2%. It was the worst drop since April 2009, which put the Dow at a two-month low at the time. Electronic trading was blamed as the culprit behind the slide in prices.[20] The Nasdaq and S&P 500 were also down more than 3%. The brief plunge appeared to center around an erroneous trade in Procter & Gamble’s stock which slid almost 37%, though shares in companies such as 3M and Accenture also had unusual movements. The former fell nearly 22%, and the latter fell to $0.04 before returning to $41.09.[18] Another irregular movement involved Sotheby’s. Opening at $34.61, the shares increased in the day to $100,000 in price, while later closing at $33. More than $1 trillion in market value was wiped off the DJIA.[22] The NYSE, Citigroup, and P&G were said to be investigating the matter with the SEC. Citigroup said that no mistake was made on their part, and that they didn’t know the reason for the sudden massive sell-off. The NYSE reported that there were errors which could have caused the drop, and declared that transactions may be voided, and the issuance of new rules on circuit breakers may be a consequence. The NASDAQ said they too would investigate the reasons for the sudden drop,[24] and later confirmed that they would in fact cancel all trades that took place between 2:40 pm and 3:00 pm EST for movement beyond 60%.

On May 20, 2010, the Dow officially entered a correction after falling 376 points or 3.6%. The Dow ended the day at 10,068.01, from 10,444.37 a day earlier. The closing price put the Dow down 10.15% from its close of 11,205.03 on April 26.

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